What Is Uses and Gratifications Theory Definition and Examples

Uses and gratifications theory asserts that people use media to gratify specific wants and needs. Unlike many media theories that view media users as passive, uses and gratifications  sees users as active agents who have control over their media consumption. Key Takeaways: Uses and Gratifications Uses and gratifications characterizes people as active and motivated in selecting the media they choose to consume. The theory relies on two principles: media users are active in their selection of the media they consume, and they are aware of their reasons for selecting different media options.The greater control and choice brought about by new media has opened up new avenues of uses and gratifications research and has led to the discovery of new gratifications, especially in regards to social media. Origins Uses and gratifications was first introduced in the 1940s as scholars began to study why people choose to consume various forms of media. For the next few decades, uses and gratifications research mostly focused on the gratifications media users sought. Then, in the 1970s, researchers turned their attention to the outcomes of media use and the social and psychological needs that media gratified. Today, the theory is often credited to Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz’s work in 1974. As media technologies continue to proliferate, research on uses and gratifications theory is more important than ever for understanding people’s motivations for choosing media and the gratifications they get out of it. Assumptions Uses and gratifications theory relies on two principles about media users. First, it characterizes media users as active in their selection of the media they consume. From this perspective, people don’t use media passively. They are engaged and motivated in their media selections. Second, people are aware of their reasons for selecting different media options. They rely on their knowledge of their motivations to make media choices that will help them meet their specific wants and needs. On the basis of those principles, uses and gratifications goes on to outline five assumptions: Media use is goal-directed. People are motivated to consume media.Media is selected based on the expectation that it will satisfy specific needs and desires.Media influence on behavior is filtered through social and psychological factors. Thus, personality and social context impact the media choices one makes and one’s interpretation of media messages.Media are in competition with other forms of communication for an individual’s attention. For example, an individual may choose to have an in-person conversation about an issue instead of watching a documentary about the issue.People are usually in control of media and therefore are not particularly influenced by it. Taken together, uses and gratifications theory stresses the power of the individual over the power of the media. Individual differences mediate the relationship between media and their effects. This results in media effects being driven as much by the media user as by the media content itself. So, even if people take in the same media message, each individual will not be impacted by the message in the same way. Uses and Gratifications Research Uses and gratifications research has uncovered several motivations people often have for consuming media. These include force of habit, companionship, relaxation, passing the time, escape, and information. In addition, a newer body of research explores people’s use of media to meet higher order needs like finding meaning and considering values. Studies from a uses and gratifications perspective have involved all kinds of media, from radio to social media. TV Selection and Personality Uses and gratifications emphasis on individual differences has led researchers to examine the way personality impacts people’s motivations for using media. For example, a study by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University looked at personality traits like neuroticism and extroversion to see if people with different traits would identify different motivations for watching television. The researcher found that the motivations of participants with neurotic personalities included  passing the time, companionship, relaxation, and stimulation. This was the reverse for participants with extraverted personalities. Moreover, while the neurotic personality types favored the companionship motive most, extraverted personality types strongly rejected this motive as a reason to watch TV. The researcher judged these results to be consistent with these two personality types. Those who are more socially isolated, emotional, or shy, demonstrated an especially strong affinity for television. Meanwhile, those that were more sociable and outgoing saw TV as a poor substitute for real-life social interactions. Uses and Gratifications and New Media Scholars have noted that new media includes several attributes that weren’t part of older forms of media. Users have greater control over what they interact with, when they interact with it, and more content choices. This opens up the number of gratifications that new media use could satisfy. An early study published in the journal CyberPsychology Behavior on uses and gratifications of the internet found seven gratifications for its use: information seeking, aesthetic experience, monetary compensation, diversion, personal status, relationship maintenance, and virtual community. Virtual community could be considered a new gratification as it has no parallel in other forms of media. Another study, published in the journal Decisions Sciences, found three gratifications for internet usage. Two of these gratifications, content and process gratifications, had been found before in studies of the uses and gratifications of television. However, a new social gratification specific to i nternet use was also found. These two studies indicate that people look to the internet to fulfill social and communal needs. Research has also been conducted to uncover the gratifications sought and obtained through social media use. For instance, another study published in CyberPsychology Behavior uncovered four needs for Facebook group participation. Those needs included socializing by staying in touch and meeting people, entertainment through the use of Facebook for amusement or leisure, seeking self-status by maintaining one’s image, and seeking information in order to learn about events and products. In similar study, researchers found that Twitter users gratified their need for connection through the social network. Increased usage, both in terms of the amount of time one had been active on Twitter and in terms of the number of hours per week one spends using Twitter, increased the gratification of this need. Critiques While uses and gratifications remains a popular theory in media research, it faces a number of criticisms. For example, the theory downplays the importance of media. As a result, it may overlook the way media influences people, especially unconsciously. In addition, while audiences may not always be passive, they may not always be active either, something the theory does not account for. Finally, some critics claim that uses and gratifications is too broad to be considered a theory, and therefore, should only be considered an approach to media research. Sources Businesstopia. â€Å"Uses and Gratifications Theory.† 2018. https://www.businesstopia.net/mass-communication/uses-gratifications-theoryChen, Gina Masullo.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tweet This: A Uses and Gratifications Perspective on How Active Twitter Use Gratifies A Need to Connect With Others.† Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 27, no. 2, 2011, pp. 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.023Communication Studies. â€Å"Uses and Gratifications Theory.† 2019. http://www.communicationstudies.com/communication-theories/uses-and-gratifications-theoryOliver, Mary Beth and Anne Bartsch. Appreciation as Audience Response: Exploring Entertainment Gratifications Beyond Hedonism. Human Communication Research, vol. 36, no. 1, 2010, pp. 53-81.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01368.xOliver, Mary Beth, Jinhee Kim, and Meghan S. Sanders. â€Å"Personality.† Psychology pf Entertainment, edited by Jennings Bryant and Peter Vorderer, Routledge, 2006, pp. 329-341.Potter, W. James. Media Effects. Sage, 2012.Rubin, Alan A. â€Å"Audience Activity and Media Use.† Communication Monographs, vol. 60, no. 1, 1993, pp. 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759309376300Ruggiero, Thomas E. â€Å"Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century.† Mass Communication and Society, vol. 3, no. 1, 2000, pp. 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0301_02Song, Indeok, Robert Larose, Matthew S. Eastin, and Carolyn A. Lin. â€Å"Internet Gratifications and Internet Addiction: On the Uses and Abuses of New Media.† Cyberpsychology and Behavior, vol. 7, no. 4, 2004. http://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2004.7.384Stafford, Thomas F. Maria Royne Stafford, and Lawrence L. Schkade. â€Å"Determining Uses and Gratifications for the Internet.† Decision Sciences, vol. 35, no. 2, 2004, pp. 259-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.00117315.2004.02524.xWeaver, James B. III. â€Å"Individual Differences in Television Viewing Motives.† Personality and Individu al Differences, vol. 35, no. 6, 2003, pp. 1427-1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00360-4

Essay about Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and...

Tragedy in Sophocles Oedipus The King and Antigone The Greeks considered tragedy the greatest form for literature. However, the tragic ends for the characters were not ordained or set by fate, but rather caused by certain characteristics belonging to that person. Such is the case with the characters of Sophocles plays Oedipus the King and Antigone. Oedipus from King Oedipus, and Antigone and Creon from Antigone posses characteristics, especially pride, that caused their tragic ends. As the play progress, other characteristics appear and further add to the problem to such a point that it is inevitable that it will end in tragedy. Therefore the tragedies were not a result of a plot by the fates, but rather a result of the†¦show more content†¦His confrontation with Antigone brings to light this trait, where he speaks, Well have no womans law here, while I live.(p.140) and But, as I live, she shall not flout my orders with impunity.(p.139). His pride becomes even stronger when others attempt to defy his will. His heated argument with his son, Haemon, demonstrates this where he states, Better be beaten, if need be, by a man, than let a woman get the better of us.(p.144) and when he asks, Since when do I take orders from the people of Thebes? (p.146). Therefore Creon demonstrates the strong pride of the whole family, perhaps stronger than both Oedipus and Antigone. Nonetheless pride amongst this tragic family is their flaw or hamartia, and it leads to all their tragic ends. However, pride is not the only characteristic, which contributes to their tragic end. For Oedipus, there exists his temper, his unrelenting pursuit of the truth and his suspicion. His temper is exhibited in the argument between Teiresias and himself, where Teiresias states the truth and Oedipus replies, Do you think you can say such things with impunity?(p.36) and later calls Teiresias a, Shameless and brainless, sightless, senseless sot!(p.36). His suspicion was also shown in this exchange where he says, Creon! Was this trick his, then, if not yours?(p.36). Lastly his unrelenting pursuit of the truth is demonstrated when he believes he is the murderer and that Polybus was not hisShow MoreRelatedContrast Between Oedipus the King and Antigone by Sophocles744 Words   |  3 PagesContrast between Oedipus the King and Antigone Sophocles, a famous and renowned Greek dramatist, is the playwright to both the play Oedipus the King and Antigone. Along with Antigone and Oedipus Sophocles had also wrote Electra and Fete. Sophocles wrote many Greek tragedies which are plays in which the main character in the play suffers a tragedy due to some flaw of theirs. An example would be how Oedipus (thinking he is defying a prophecy) murders his father and weds his mother. His flaw was himRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone1326 Words   |  6 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone     Ã‚   This essay will compare two of the characters in â€Å"Antigone†, Antigone and Creon, in an effort to determine the identity of the tragic hero in this tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To identify the tragic hero in Sophocles’ renowned play â€Å"Antigone†, we should first consider both the elements present in Greek tragedies and what characteristics define a tragic hero. Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is: â€Å"Tragedy is a story taking the hero from happiness to miseryRead MoreThe Difference Between Good And Evil?978 Words   |  4 Pagesperson’s life be more tragic than another? What is a tragedy? â€Å"A tragedy is a dramatic composition, often in verse, dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction† (Dictionary.com). The play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles includes different rulings of two kings who are different but alike in some ways. Oedipus can be thought as the good, and Creon can be thoughtRead MoreSophocles As A Master Of Character Development1497 Words   |  6 PagesSophocles is one of the three great Athens tragic playwrights in Greek history. He has written over 120 plays in which they were performed into three tragedies known as the â€Å"Oedipus the King†. Although he has written 123 plays there are only seven of his tragedies remaining and with only a few titles and fragments remaining. The seven tragedies include Ajax, Antigone, Trachinian Women, Oedipus the King, Electra, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus, and Trackers. Sophocles was considered to be a masterRead More The Tragic Hero: Creon or Antigone? Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pages In the Greek tragedy Antigone, the characters Antigone and Creon can both be thought of as the tragic hero of the play. Though Antigone does show some of these characteristics of a tragic hero, Creon demonstrates the attributes more clearly and concisely. Creon is the King of Thebes, as well as the uncle of Antigone. Creon took the throne after a tragic quarrel between his two nephews, Eteocles and Polyneices. Despite his harsh governing and his crude ideals, he is not good or bad. Creon is theRead MoreTragedy In Oedipus Rex And Antigone By Euripides784 Words   |  4 Pagesfamously known Greek tragedies; Oedipus Rex and Antigone by Sophocles and Medea by Euripides that not only have the common genre of tragedy, but share the same motifs; homicide, suicide, and suffering. What is intriguing about these commonalities is that these playwrights, Sophocles and Euripides, use them. Homicide is an act when a human permanently harms another leading in death and these plays like to use it quite a bit. In Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, the main character Oedipus (king of Thebes) realizesRead MoreOedipus The King And Oedipus At Colonus Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pages As Sophocles meditates the philosophy of the tragedy all along his life, the tragic essence expands from individuals in a society. The conflict in each play becomes increasingly complicated. In Antigone, we can clearly distinguish the conflict between Antigone and Creon, family and politics. However, in Oedipus at Colonus, the play merges all the conflicts happened to former plays and enhances the theme of the story. The later part of this trilogy, especially the ending of Oedipus the King and OedipusRead MoreAnalysis Of Antigone By Sophocles1074 Words   |  5 PagesSmith 1 Gabriel Smith Professor Christopher Foster English 1302 01 March 2016 Essay 2: Antigone A hero is a person who shows courage or noble qualities in the face of danger. There are many different types of heroes in literature and media such as superheroes saving the world, or an everyday fireman saving a kitten from a tree. Deriving from Greek literature, tragic heroes are common among early literature. Tragic heroes are defined by Aristotle by the following requirements, they must come fromRead MoreAntigones Character1565 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily drama, death, politics, and religion, Sophocles’ Antigone is a complex tragedy to say the least. The basic plot of the tragedy is the conflict between Antigone’s family principles and religious tradition and Creon’s embodiment of state and its authority (Scodel). It is on of three tragedies written by Sophocles that chronicle the life of Oedipus. It was written before Oedipus the King, but is a culmination of the events that occurred after Oedipus’ death (Norton 610). Antigone’s brothers, Ete oclesRead MoreSocial, Psychological, And Historical Theories Of SophoclesAntigone1174 Words   |  5 Pagescircumstances. The play Antigone is the last of a tragic trilogy of Sophocles works, the original order was Oedipus Rex, then Oedipus at Colonus and then Antione. Antigone and Ismene are about the last of Oedipus children who wishes to bury her brother Polyneices, but because he was dammed a traitor by Creon, he states that the harshest punishment would be to let the animals and birds eat at their corpse. Antigone and her sister are caught by the Chorus and temporarily imprisoned due to Antigone having no remorse

Goverment Spending Essay Example For Students

Goverment Spending Essay Government Spending Budget As many Federal departments and agencies lurch into an era of running without funds, the leaders of both parties of Congress are spending less and less time searching for a compromise to balance the budget, and more and more time deciding how to use it to their advantage on the campaign trail. Meanwhile money is easily borrowed to pay for government overhead. In an attempt to change this, on June 29, Congress voted in favor of HConRes67 that called for a 7 year plan to balance the Federal Budget by the year 2002 (Hager 1899). This would be done by incorporating $894 billion in spending cuts by 2002, with a projected 7 year tax cut of $245 billion. If this plan were implemented, in the year 2002, the U.S. Government would have the first balanced budget since 1969. There is doubt by citizens that a balanced budget will become reality. A recent Gallop Poll from January, 1996 showed the budget as the #1 concern among taxpayers, but 4/5 of those interviewed sai d they doubt the GOP will do the job (Holding 14). Meanwhile, an ABC poll from November reported that over 70% of those polled disapprove of the current performance by Congress, and most blamed politicians for failure to take action (Cloud 3709). These accusations of failure to follow through come with historical proof that Congress and Clinton have failed to compromise and resolve the issue. After all, current budget plans are dependent on somewhat unrealistic predictions of avoiding such catastrophes as recession, national disasters, etc., and include minor loopholes. History has shown that every budget agreement that has failed was too lax. One might remember the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings bill that attempted to balance the budget, but left too many exemptions, and was finally abandoned in 1990 (Weinberger 33). So after a pain-staking trial for GOP Republicans to create, promote, and pass their budget, as promised on campaign trail 94, Clinton rejected the very bill he demanded. This essentially brought the federal budget back to square one. Clinton thought such a demand on Republicans to produce a budget would produce inner-party quarrels and cause the GOP to implode. Instead, they produced a fiscal budget that passed both houses of Congress, only to be stalemated by a stubborn Democratic President Clinton. Meanwhile, Clinton bounced back with a CBO scored plan with lighter, less risky cuts to politically sensitive areas like entitlements. Clintons plan also saved dollars for education and did not include a tax increase, but most cuts would not take effect until he is out of office, in the year 2001. Although Clinton is sometimes criticized for producing a stalemate in budget talks, the White House points out that the debt has gone down since Clinton took office, with unemployment also falling. Republicans are quick to state that Clinton originally increased taxes in 1993 and cut defense programs, but his overall plan was for an increasing budget without defici t reduction. Startling Facts about the budget: As of 1996, the national debt was at an all time high of $5 trillion dollars, with interest running at a whopping $250 billion per year (Rau M-1). This equals out to an individual responsibility of more than $50,000 per taxpayer. Nearly 90% of that debt has accumulated since 1970, and between 1980 and 1995, the debt grew by 500%. Currently, the debt grows by more than $10,000 per second (Rau M-l), and at current rates, a baby born in 1992 will pay 71% of his or her income in net taxes. At current rates, our government is about to reach its breaking point. If thats not enough to scare a taxpayer, by 2002, 60% of government spending will be for entitlements, and by 2012, these programs are projected to take up all government revenue (Dentzer 32). Not only economic development, but also family income is hurt by debt. With the cost of living going up, it becomes harder to find a job. According to the Concord Coalition, real wages peaked in 1973 and have gone down ever since. If the economy grew as fast as it did in 1950, without a debt, the median family income would be $50,000, compared to .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da , .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .postImageUrl , .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da , .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:hover , .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:visited , .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:active { border:0!important; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:active , .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u238bf938525f62f1b1f690f15ba335da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: - Challenges Facing Urban Transport In Asia - Cons Essay

0635 Name Eiyad KhairyGrade 8N Essays - Waves, Acoustics

0635 Name Eiyad KhairyGrade 8N Essays - Waves, Acoustics 0-635 Name: Grade 8(N) MYP Science Title: Sound Key concept: Relationships Related concepts: Relationships / Models / interaction Global contexts: Identities and relationships / Roles and role models Topic: The sound wave Statement of inquiry: Models can represent the structural and functional relationship between sound and energy. Inquiry questions: Factual: What is the sound? Conceptual: How do sound travel through mediums? Debatable: What are the applications based on echo? MYP Assessment Criteria B- Inquiring and designing C- Processing and evaluating Writing a lab report about The sound wave Due date is before Tuesday 17/3/2015 Theoretical background Waves transmit energy without transmitting matter. This means that waves can move energy (or information) from one place to another without moving any substance (stuff) from one place to another. The amount of energy which a wave depends on its amplitude. Longitudinal waves move through substance backwards and forwards. After the wave has gone, the substance is back where it started but energy has been carried by the wave from its origin (where it begins) to its destination (where it finishes). The sound wave is a longitudinal wave. It cant travel through a vacuum (nothing), when a longitudinal wave moves through a material, the particles of the material move backwards and forwards along the direction in which the wave is travelling. Below is a picture of a longitudinal wave travelling along a slinky. Rarefaction is the name given to the region where the slinky is pulled apart. Compression is the name given to the region where the slinky is pushed together. The wavelength can be measured as the distance between the centers of two compressions. Wavelength is given the symbol l (Greek lambda), and is measured in meters because it is a distance. Denoted by . Frequency is defined as "the number of complete cycles (complete waves or vibrations) in one second". Hertz is the unit of frequency (symbol Hz). Denoted by . The period of a wave is defined as "the time taken for one complete cycle or vibration". Denoted by T. The wave equation links between frequency and wavelength: Speed = frequency x wavelength v=f f= 1T= ntWhere: v is speed measuren in [M/s] f is frequency measured in [Hz]T is periodic time time needed to complete one cycle measured in [s] N is the number of vibrations T is total time of vibrations measured in [s] Aims: In this investigation you will be able to: Use slinky to calculate the frequency of a wave. Materials: Slinky Stopwatch Meter stick Task: Your task is to write a lab report about longitudinal waves. Procedure Stretch the slinky between two group members without making it too tight. Make sure the slinky is lying on the floor (as shown in figure 1 below) Create a longitudinal wave pulse by pushing the slinky forward parallel to it. The slinky should still be in a straight line and the wave pulse (squished up part) should travel to the other end of the slinky. Measure the distance that the wave travels between people (the length of the slinky) in meters and record this in table 1. The third person should time the wave through this distance, from one person to another. Enter this time into table 1. You will record the time it takes the longitudinal wave to travel from one person to another for a total of three separate times. These times will not be exactly the same, but should be close to each other. The fourth person should count the number of pulses pass through the slinky for each time. Average these times and enter the average in table 1. To average the time add them up and divide by their number. average time= time1+time2+time33Calculate the speed of this longitudinal wave using the wave equation: speedms=distance traveled (m)time (s)Record the speed of this longitudinal wave you calculated into table 1 in meters per second. Show your work and calculation in analysis part. Communicate scientific information effectively using scientific language correctly. Present all the information appropriately using symbolic and/or visual representation accurately according to the chosen application. Figure 1 Part 1: Introduction Problem statement: How does the amount of vibration affect the frequency? Hypothesis: If the amount of vibration increases then the frequency will increase. Explaining the hypothesis: The frequency will increase because it depends on the amount of vibration speed. Dependent Variable: Frequency Independent Variable: The amount of vibration Controlled variables: Time: (1 min) Equipment: Slinky Stopwatch Meter stick Procedure: I stretched the slinky between

The Process of Writing a Stunning Research Paper

The Process of Writing a Stunning Research Paper The first sign of getting older in terms of education is a new writing assignment known as a research paper. Compared to a regular high school writing task like essay, college research paper requires much more time and efforts. While you don’t have to add an abstract and appendix to your essay, a scientific research paper usually requires these sections to be included. A research paper is usually assigned to the students of scientific classes like Biology, Physics, Astronomy, etc. It occupies more than 1 page. When writing a research paper, students have to stick to other writing styles than simple MLA. That is why often students get stuck with the writing process and turn to online writing services. The Role of a Research Paper in Your Education To be sincere, there is no single successful formula for writing a stunning research paper. The structure remains the same, but you have to come up with your original voice to gain teacher’s appreciation. In case you are an author in a scientific magazine or academic journal, it is a must to present some innovative ideas. Otherwise, your piece won’t be interesting to read. We are not talking about writing a magazine article so far. It makes the mission a bit easier. Still, a research paper weighs 20-30% of your course grade, so it deserves more attention than quizzes and small homework assignments. If you are great at writing common school essays, you have higher chances to cope with the task like developing a research or term paper. It plays a significant role in your self-development and general score per course. That is why it is impossible to ignore the meaning of this task. Before you start writing your first research project ever, it is recommended to view at least a couple of books on academic writing. It will give you a clue on what structure should look like. Basic Writing Advice for College Students Please read this section with general writing tips before moving to the work on your first draft. There are some things that make a process of writing a research paper different from writing a typical essay. You should consider these nuances first. Start writing your first draft early. As soon as you begin to write the first page, you’ll get to the point. An early start makes it possible to have enough time for review and corrections later. You need to have at least a couple of months ahead to catch up with the final deadline. The first month should be dedicated to finding sources and making notes. Pay attention to all related in-class readings too. Take advantage of the time at your disposal – remember that in-depth analysis demands a plenty of efforts. Try to use only official language while writing. English slang and jargon words are forbidden. After all, we are talking about college project instead of a blog or fashion magazine article. Insert different scientific terms while writing, but make sure to explain their meaning. Do not use words that you don’t know. You risk falling into the trap when your tutor asks you about any of the complex terms. Write the full interpretations of each abbreviation when it is applied for the first time in your text. Select the research paper topic wisely. There are times when your tutor does not assign a specific topic to discuss. It means that you can decide on your own, but you can only choose any topic related to the studies subject. Go through your in-class notes and lecture writings – perhaps, you will find something interesting over there. Another great place to look for good ideas is media. Select only up-to-date sources as your primary sources. Under this term, we mean sources that are no more than 5 years old. Show a keen interest in your teacher. By picking one of the recommended topics from your course syllabus or research paper instructions, you show the respect to your tutor. Tutors love to be listened and heard. It makes no sense to pick the easiest topic – usually, it is not curious at all. Moreover, you’ll be having hard times when there will be nothing left to say. Still, you have to obey the word limit set by your teacher. Also, try to find the topic from your list which seems interesting to both you and your teacher. Add innovative ideas to your study – and here we go! Narrow down †¦ everything! Although a research paper contains much more pages than an essay, it has to be concise as well. Avoid wordiness and writing complex, long sentences. Talk only about specific arguments in pure English. Explain the details, but don’t dedicate an entire page to a single question. At the same time, don’t write down hooey just to fill up space. Cite background readings. A research paper has to be cited. It must include direct and indirect quotations to support each point with some evidence. The last step of your research paper writing process is Bibliography. You should place all applied sources in alphabetical or chronological order once you are finished. A published source is the best proof of your words. Sure thing, it has to be credible and time-tested. That’s why Wikipedia or Quora are not the most appropriate sources for writing a good research paper. Always prepare an outline and keep it. You can come up with the table of contents or detailed outline – anyway, you need an action plan not to get lost in your research paper. An outline is a detailed plan which includes all steps you have to take to finish the process of writing a research paper. Every point describes the questions you discuss in separate sections. Order professional help from time to time. It is okay to get tired of the writing process sometimes. In such situation, you may contact professional academic writing service to hire the best experts in your field. You may either order a custom research paper (made from scratch) or pay only for the revision of your current draft. In any case, here you can find a writing help you deserve. Steps and Actions You Have to Take It is time to move from listing the general rules to the discussion of the paper’s major parts and writing process itself. Developing Introduction Just after reading all those creepy articles and textbooks, picking your topic, and preparing an outline, you should work on the most important part of any academic paper – introduction. A research project has to possess a powerful thesis statement. In addition, a first paragraph must explain why the particular ideas were chosen, how society can benefit from studying the chosen topic, which methods and sources were applied to the research, and what kind of results the author expected to obtain. Pose a research question clearly to provide an answer at the end of your project. Of course, potential readers can learn everything they need from a summary which precedes introduction. This summary is called an abstract. Research papers suppose to have one. It has to occupy no more than 1/3 of the page, but it has to give answers to all disturbing questions like introduction does with the only difference that an abstract also recalls the results. Pretend that you are not the author of the research paper when writing an abstract. Write it in the shape of an independent review like this: Abstract Ten Lessons from Biotechnology Experiences written by three representatives of such organizations as Food and Agriculture Organization and Research and Extension Unit offers a review of nineteen studies that proved the effectiveness of biotechnologies used to meet the requirements of smallholders. Anyway, further organization of your research paper often depends on the introduction. Find out which fact or statistics may encourage your target reader. As far as it’s not an essay, you can’t use jokes or proverbs. Research papers imply the usage of scientific techniques only. The main idea of introduction is obvious: present your ideas and start writing the body of your research paper. Body Paragraphs There can be more than 3 body paragraphs in your paper. When you are describing the methodology, it may take more space than you think. Besides, you’ll have to include findings and discussion. While each paragraph of the school or college essay begins with some argument which has to support thesis statement, the body in research papers is rather inconsistent. You may want to write about methods first and then add some information about the tools and equipment used during the experiment. You may be writing about the sample population in more details in case this parameter is very important for your study. As you can guess, a research paper involves much more steps than any other academic assignment (except for the dissertation which is even bigger and more complicated). When you’re finished with methodology, dedicate several sentences or even paragraphs to describing materials that were used to complete your research. Remember to refer to your initial outline when you’re getting confused. This way you’ll save the logical flow of your thoughts. Writing Discussion and Conclusion These two sections appear one after another in your research paper. The discussion should still be done in the official tone. Despite the name of this section, it’s not a forum discussion. Sometimes, students may skip discussion if the research project is not that complicated. If your paper is rather large and confusing, include this part into your outline to make some things clear. For instance, you may stress the importance of the study and give good reasons. Read the entire research paper before writing a conclusion. You will need to refresh your mind again when developing an abstract and bibliography. The goal of the results part which is the last paragraph of any research paper is to state and interpret your findings and their significance for your community. Mention all points that you have applied in your research paper to defend your thesis. Highlight the basic arguments that support your position towards a particular topic. The conclusion must sound logical and objective without adding your own preferences. Make sure to answer the main question of the study and give explanations to each figure, table, chart, or graph. Additional Hints on Research Paper Writing One of the most important parts is a bibliography. In some writing styles, it is called , while in APA it is mentioned as References page. It is better to take notes each time you use another source in your academic project. You have to cite all sources: from those that you quoted to those that simply helped you on the way to your complete paper. Include all publication information for each source: Author’s name Title of the book/journal/article Date of publishing Page number Issue, number, volume (if available) The list of all researched sources has to appear in the alphabetical order. Sometimes, you may be required to keep it in chronological order. Get acquainted with special guides for attributing sources before getting started. Here are several examples in MLA format: Creed, Barbara. â€Å"Horror and the Monstrous-Feminine. An Imaginary Abjection.† Horror, the Film Reader, 2002, pp. 67-75. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.† New York: Basic Books, 1962, 24. Post-writing procedures consist of proofreading and editing your final paper. We don’t recommend submitting the project once you’re done. There can be many different mistakes. Check the structure of your research paper from the reader’s point of view. Does it make sense to you? Is every sentence logical? Have a look at the word order and other tiny details. Launch some grammar-checking software to see whether there are any grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors. Often, such apps help to define plagiarism index as well. It has to be minimized in case it is more than 5%. Some professors ask for even higher uniqueness. To have this procedure done successfully, make use of: a dictionary or spellcheck a thesaurus for synonyms a grammar book Another method is to send your research paper draft to online editing services to have back a perfect content free of any mistakes. We hope that these tips on writing a research paper were useful for all students and their working colleagues.

Response to the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to the Web - Essay Example Facts quoted in this article such as, the surrender of China's long-time head Zhou Youngkang are backed up with the reference of an article posted in Financial Times. The article accurately reported about the role of those networks that are responsible for cruel repression of prodemocracy (Mackinnon). Despite, reference from Financial Times, the credibility of this article is doubted as Financial Times has not cited the names of senior communist party members. Also, it is noticeable that in the article Mr. Bo has been suspected for wasting much capital for the sake of protecting his own responsibilities towards nation. He has also been suspected for corruption, insubordination, and most prominently in case of British businessman's murder. The article highlights that in this murder case his wife has also been suspected, but the author has not provided any logical reason or reference behind this fact about Bo and his wife (Mackinnon). Moreover, the web source informs that Mr. Xi is bel ieved to have been chosen as a new president under the compromise between the factions. This fact has also not been supported by any credible source; however it is correctly quoted that the protection of the state is a foremost priority of all communist party members. The article says that China is a dangerous and de-destabilized place, mainly due to Zhou YongKang decisions and actions in past. However, no other source has ever complimented China as an insecure or underdeveloped state, but the author has only referred the words of Joshua Rosenzweig an independent human rights researcher based in Hong Kong. The author should have fairly cited a logical reason behind this claim of Mr. Rosenzweig (Mackinnon). Also, the author has not even briefly mentioned in what context he has pointed out the acts of Zhou Yongkang over past decades. Further, author has quoted in another fact about China with reference to Mr.Rosenweig and has written that Mr. Zhou's ministry "had become so powerful th at it had the makings of second party centre rivaling the number one and number two means the president and premier (Mackinnon). Here, the author should have put a suitable example to prove the statement of Mr.Rosenweig as a stronger claim over political system and situations of Chinese government. Further, in the article it has reflected that the rights of citizens will be protected and the power of government will become limited. This seems a fair reporting as a full flash editorial article of the communist party`s flagship newspaper has been referred here to support the cause and effect of new slogan in Chinese government (Mackinnon). Additionally, it is noticeable here that China is a communist country and it does not let international media to cover important political matters of the state. Therefore, whatever facts that are presented in this article related to two reformist parties cannot be completely trusted (Mackinnon). Chinese politics has no transparency; thus it cannot b e said that this article truly reflect whatever is going on behind the curtain to secure the issue matters related to Chinese government. The author has randomly referred an observer, without mentioning about his/her role of designation or relationship with the Chinese politics and has written that it is expected that reform wing will intend to behave differently under new leadership. Neither backup has been given for this claim nor has the complete information been provided to clear about the expected difference in acts

PACS Controller and Image Archive Server Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

PACS Controller and Image Archive Server - Essay Example In fact, the total hospital image management system has been revolutionised with the advent of these systems that began with the use of DICOM image communication software in the clinical radiodiagnostics3. With different providers coming forward and providing these archiving and management systems, the systems across hospitals are becoming increasingly computerised with use of digital optical archives. Although these are expected to ease the image and data acquisition, there could be mechanical troubles on acquisition devices, problems with the schemes of image transmission, problems with retrieval of images, and difficulty in displaying images4. These problems have been reported to be encountered in the early phase of implementation of these systems in some hospitals, currently, the providers like Agfa and Fujifilm provide advanced systems, and these new generation systems are comparatively easier to use. They have been able to accomplish these with the use of improved hardware and software. Despite these, these systems are not free from criticisms since many users have encountered problems with digitizer on one hand and on the other, use of this new and novel system was bugged with paucity of operating processes due to lack of experience5. The greatest advantage was perceived to be the capability to access every archived radiologic image which had been impossible with the traditional flat plate radiographic image acquisition systems due mainly to inability to integrate images with the future investigations6. It has been strongly criticised, however, that the complicated image display system would need improvement since still now, the radiologists regard the conventional image viewing system to be the best. This indicates need for further research into this area to be able to develop and implement systems which are worth wider acceptability7. The important thing to consider is that a PACS would be involved in integration of image and data acquisition, storage, and display subsystems across various digital networks. To begin with most systems utilised DICOM standards in image communication, format, and management. Therefore when different manufacturers developed PACS components, it had to be compatible with the existing standardized DICOM services such as image storage, query, retrieval, and printing8. Essentially PACS systems would ensure a seamless dataflow across networks where compatibility with DICOM systems and necessary image conversions would be one of major requirements for these systems to be implemented. This system was dealt with differently by various PAC systems from different providers through compatibility with different applications, some of which are "diagnostic, review, analysis, and interactive teaching, as well as desktop workstations for surgical simulation, radiation therapy planning and other applic ations9." Therefore, briefly, the system has been designed to work in the following fashion. The radiologists use diagnostic workstations to make a primary diagnosis. This can be